Nobel Prize medal. Photo: Brittanica
Works of scientists using light to control nerve cells in the brain to a jurist recognised for advancing international law, the 2026 Nobel Prize winners have been announced across six categories, celebrating discoveries and contributions spanning medicine, physics, chemistry, literature, peace and economics.
The annual announcements began on October 5, with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and concluded on Monday, October 12, with the economics prize.
The Nobel Prize has been awarded since 1901, following the will of Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel, who directed that his fortune be used to reward contributions considered to have conferred the greatest benefit on humanity.
The economics prize was established later by Sweden’s central bank and first awarded in 1969.
Organisers website display, on Monday, a full list of the 2026 laureates, why they were honoured and a brief profile of each winner.
1. Medicine: Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine went to American scientist Karl Deisseroth and German scientists Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel for their discoveries concerning light-gated ion channels and optogenetics.
Their work helped establish optogenetics, a technique that allows researchers to control the activity of nerve cells using light.
It has transformed neuroscience by enabling scientists to investigate how particular brain cells influence memories, emotions and behaviour.
Hegemann and Nagel discovered a light-sensitive protein in algae, while Deisseroth helped turn the discovery into a practical method for controlling nerve cells with light.
The technique has opened new ways of studying the brain and neurological and psychiatric conditions.
About the winners
– Karl Deisseroth: Born in 1971, he is an American neuroscientist and psychiatrist at Stanford University, where he is the D.H. Chen Professor of Bioengineering and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.
He earned his MD and PhD from Stanford.
– Peter Hegemann: Born in 1954, he is a German neuroscientist and Hertie Senior Professor of Neuroscience at Humboldt University of Berlin. He earned his doctorate at the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry.
– Georg Nagel: Born in 1953, he is a German scientist and professor of molecular plant physiology at the University of Würzburg.
His research contributed to the discovery of light-sensitive proteins that made optogenetics possible.
2. Physics: Francis Halzen
Announced October 6, 2026
Belgian-American physicist Francis Halzen won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his decisive contributions to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and the discovery of high-energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin.
Neutrinos are extremely elusive particles that can travel through matter with little interaction.
Detecting them allows scientists to investigate some of the universe’s most energetic events, including phenomena associated with distant galaxies and black holes.
Halzen’s vision helped establish IceCube, a vast detector embedded in Antarctic ice at the South Pole.
The observatory uses thousands of sensors to detect faint flashes of light produced when neutrinos interact with matter.
About the winner
Halzen was born in Belgium in 1944.
He studied at the Catholic University of Leuven, now KU Leuven, where he obtained his master’s and doctoral degrees.
The winner joined the University of Wisconsin–Madison’s physics faculty in 1972 and became a leading figure in neutrino astronomy.
He has served as principal investigator of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory.
3. Chemistry: Henri B. Kagan and Kenso Soai
Announced October 7, 2026
French chemist Henri B. Kagan and Japanese chemist Kenso Soai won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discoveries concerning asymmetric organic synthesis and the ability of chemical reactions to favour one of two mirror-image forms of a molecule.
Many molecules exist in two forms that are mirror images of one another.
Although chemically similar, the two forms can behave differently in biological systems. This is particularly important in chemistry involving medicines and other biologically active compounds.
Kagan’s work advanced asymmetric catalysis, which helps chemical reactions produce a preferred molecular form. Soai’s research demonstrated asymmetric autocatalysis, in which a reaction’s product helps catalyse the production of more of the same form.
His discovery became known as the Soai reaction.
About the winners
– Henri B. Kagan: A French chemist associated with Université Paris-Sud, now part of Université Paris-Saclay, he is recognised for his influential work in stereochemistry and asymmetric catalysis.
His research helped establish methods for controlling the three-dimensional structure of molecules produced in chemical reactions.
– Kenso Soai: Born in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, in 1950, he graduated from the University of Tokyo and obtained a Doctor of Science degree.
Soai became a professor at Tokyo University of Science, where he conducted the research that led to the discovery of the Soai reaction.
He is now a professor emeritus at the institution.
4. Literature: Anne Carson
Announced October 8, 2026
Canadian poet, essayist, classicist and translator Anne Carson won the 2026 Nobel Prize in Literature for her distinctive body of work, which draws on classical literature while creating new forms of contemporary writing.
The Swedish Academy honoured Carson “for her bold and inventive oeuvre that, in playful dialogue with the classical tradition, has created new forms for contemporary literature”.
Her writing frequently brings ancient Greek literature and ideas into conversation with modern experiences.
Carson’s work crosses the boundaries between poetry, prose, translation and scholarship, making her difficult to classify within a single literary genre.
About the winner
Carson was born on June 21, 1950, in Toronto, Canada. She earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees from the University of Toronto in 1974 and 1975, respectively, and completed her PhD there in 1981.
Her notable works include Eros the Bittersweet, Autobiography of Red and If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho.
Her honours include a MacArthur Fellowship, Guggenheim Fellowships and Spain’s Princess of Asturias Award for Literature.
She was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 2005.
5. Peace: Navanethem ‘Navi’ Pillay
Announced October 9, 2026
South African jurist and former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem “Navi” Pillay won the 2026 Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts to promote peace and international law.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee recognised her work in advancing an international legal order and helping ensure that war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide can be prosecuted.
Pillay’s career has included defending activists during apartheid, serving in international courts and leading human rights work at the United Nations.
Her award highlights the role of legal institutions in holding perpetrators of serious crimes accountable and supporting peaceful resolution of conflicts.
About the winner
Pillay was born in 1941 in Durban, South Africa, into a family of Indian Tamil descent.
She became a lawyer during apartheid and established her own law firm in 1967.
She studied at Harvard University, where she earned a Doctor of Juridical Science degree in 1988. In 1995, she became a judge of South Africa’s High Court.
Four years later, she became a judge and president of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
Pillay later served as a judge of the International Criminal Court and as UN High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2008 to 2014.
She also chaired the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory from 2021 to 2025.
6. Economic sciences: Robert E. Hall and Michael Woodford
Announced October 12, 2026
American economists Robert E. Hall and Michael Woodford won the 2026 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for their work on “microeconomic foundations of macroeconomic stabilisation”.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced the award on Monday, marking the final announcement in this year’s Nobel Prize calendar.
The economists developed macroeconomic models that improve understanding of how governments and central banks can stabilise economies during recessions and periods of rapid growth.
Their work builds on the idea that economic policy is more effective when models account for how individual households and businesses make decisions about spending, savings and prices, including their expectations about future policies. The research has helped provide a theoretical foundation for modern approaches to fiscal and monetary policy.
About the winners
– Robert E. Hall: Born in 1943 in Palo Alto, California, Hall obtained his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967. He is a professor at Stanford University in California and is known for his research on macroeconomics, economic fluctuations and consumer behaviour.
– Michael Woodford: Born in 1955 in Chicopee, Massachusetts, Woodford received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983.
He is a professor at Columbia University in New York and is known for his work on monetary policy, economic expectations and macroeconomic theory.
The economics prize differs from the original Nobel Prizes because it was established by Sweden’s central bank in memory of Alfred Nobel.
It was first awarded in 1969 and is now announced alongside the five original prize categories.
When will the 2026 Nobel Prizes be presented?
The laureates are traditionally invited to receive their medals and diplomas at ceremonies on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.
Peace Prize ceremony takes place in Oslo, Norway, while the other prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden.
